In this post, we are including 2010-2021 Previous Year (Regular) and 2016-2021(Supplementary) Papers of Physiology. This is based on WBUHS.
PAPER 1
• General and Nerve Muscle Physiology
• Blood.
• Cardiovascular Physiology
• Respiratory Physiology
• GIT Physiology
• AETCOM.
PAPER 2
• Renal Physiology
• Endocrine Physiology
• Reproductive Physiology
• Central Nervous System
• Special Senses.
GENERAL & NERVE MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
GROUP-A
1. Describe the neuro muscular junction with proper diagram and labelling. Describe how an Action potential in motor nerve produces an AP in muscles.What is Myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton Syndrome? [4+5+3][2010]
GROUP-B
1. Discuss the role of ATP in skeletal muscle contraction & relaxation. What is rigor mortis? [5+2] [2011] [2014 supple.]
2. Describe briefly the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction. What is Myasthenia Gravis?[5+2][2014]
3. What is the differences b/w AP curves of skeletal muscles and working myocardial cells?[7][2015]
4. Write the molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction. Write a short note on neuromuscular blockers. [4+3][2012] [2016]
5. Discuss the mechanism of action of different neuromuscular blockers.[7][2017]
6. Enumerate the muscle proteins. Explain briefly the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. What is Rigor Mortis?[1+4+2][2019]
7. Draw a diagram of neuromuscular junction. Explain the mechanism of transmission across neuromuscular junction. Name three neuro-muscular blockers and mention their mechanism of action. [3+4+3] [NEW PATTERN 2020][5+2] [2013 supple.]
8. What do you mean by AP in nerve? State the ionic basis with diagram. [2+5] [2016 supple.]
9. Define RMP. Discuss the ionic basis of generation of AP in skeletal muscle. What is tetanus?[2+4+1] [2018 supple.]
10. Compare and contrast the transmission of electrical activity at a NM junction with that at a synapse. What is myasthenia gravis? [2019 supple.]
GROUP-C (Short Notes)
1. Secondary Active Transport.[3] [2010] [2014]
2. GLUT.[2011] [2016 supple]
3. Rigor mortis.[2012]
4. Na+-K+ATPase. [2012] [2016]
5. Facilitated diffusion. [2013] [2009]
6. Gap junction.[2013]
7. Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium. [2014]
8. Ion channels. [2014]
9. Nernst equation.[2017]
10. Molecular motors.[2017]
11. Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium. [2018]
12. Presynaptic inhibition. [2019]
13. Pacemaker potential. [2019]
14. Tetany. [2019]
15. G-Protein. [5] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
16. Differences b/w fast and slow muscles. [2017 supple.]
17. Active transport, [2017 supple.]
18. Phagocytosis. [2018 supple.]
GROUP-D (Explain Why)
1. Digitalis increases the strength of cardiac contractions. [2017]
2. ATP helps in the contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle. [2018]
3. Hypoproteinaemia causes oedema. [2019]
4. Tetanus can be demonstrated easily in a skeletal muscle. [2019]
5. Action potentials are propagative in nature.[4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
BLOOD
GROUP-A
1. What is haemostasis? Name the different coagulation factors required for coagulation and draw a brief outline of the events of coagulation. Write in short, the role of platelets in haemostasis. Justify the role of aspirin for prevention of stroke.[1+5+3+3] [2011] [2016]
2. Discuss the role of neutrophils in defence. What is innate immunity? [8+4] [2012]
3. Describe the role of lymphocytes in immunity. What is acquired immunedeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?[8+4] [2013]
4. What is haemophilia? Enumerate the steps of haemostasis. Describe the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.[2+3+7] [2013] [2014 supple]
5. Describe the structure of platelets. Mention the contents of their granules and their functions. What are the functions of platelets? [4+5+3][2014]
6. What is erythropoiesis? What are the sites of erythropoiesis? List with diagram the various stages of development of RBC. How is erythropoiesis regulated? What is polycythaemia? [2+2+4+5+2] [NEW PATTERN 2021] [2013 supple.]
7. Define hemostasis. Describe the sequence of events leading to hemostasis. What is the role of platelets in clotting? Enumerate the common lab tests for investigation of bleeding disorders. [2+4+3+3] [2019 supple.]
GROUP-B
1. What do you mean by immunity? What are the different types of immunity? Give an account of humoral immunity.[1+2+4][2010,2007]
2. Define jaundice. Compare obstructive and haemolytic jaundice. [2+5][2010]
3. What is erythroblastosis fetalis? What are the hazards of mismatched blood transfusion?[2+5] [2013]
4. Describe the preservation injuries in stored blood. Mention the deleterious effects of repeated blood transfusion.[4+3] [2017]
5. What is the role of platelets in haemostasis? [7] [2018]
6. Describe the structure of immunoglobulin. Write briefly about the different types of immunoglobulins. [3+4] [2018]
7. Draw a flow chart showing different stages of erythropoiesis with diagrammatic representation. Add a note on erythropoietin. [5+2] [2019]
8. How does Rh incompatibility occur? Describe the hemolytic disease of new born with its prevention. [4+3] [2013 supple.] [2018 supple.]
9. Hazards of matched and mismatched blood transfusion. [3+4] [2016 supple.]
GROUP-C (Short Note)
1. Erythropoietin.[3][2010]
2. ESR.[3] [2012]
3. Erythroblastosis fetalis.[3][2016]
4. Hemoglobinopathies.[3][2017]
5. ESR [3] [2018]
6. Rh incompatibility.[2019]
7. B and T lymphocytes. [2016 supple.]
8. Tissue macrophage system. [2017 supple.]
9. Megaloblastic anaemia. [2019 supple.]
GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)
1. Inhaemolytic jaundice, urine is not coloured. [3] [2011]
2. Aspirin in low dose prevents intravascular coagulation. [3] [2012] [2016]
3. Low plasmaprotein causes oedema. [3] [2012]
4. Normal plasma proteins prevent oedema.[3] [2014]
5. Anaemia occurs after gastrectomy. [3] [2013] [2015]
6. Coagulation time is prolonged in obstructive jaundice.[3] [2015]
7. Anaemia occurs in chronic renal failure. [3] [2016]
8. Bleeding tendency occurs in obstructive jaundice. [3] [2018]
9. RBCs in venous blood are larger than in arterial blood. [3] [2018] [2016 supple.]
10. Coagulation is an example of positive feedback mechanism. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
11. Low dose aspirin is used in prevention of myocardial infarction. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
12. Relative lymphocytosis occurs in bone marrow depression in adults. [2019 supple.]
13. Cyanide poisoning causes high pO2 in venous blood. [2019 supple.]
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. Describe the transport of oxygen from atmosphere to tissue.What is P50 and its significance? [10+2] [2010]
2. Give an account of the cardio-respiratory changes that occur during isotonic exercise. What are the effects of training? [8+4] [2018]
3. What are the different types of chemoreceptors regulating ventilation? How are they stimulated? List the pathways by which increased pCO2 stimulates ventilation.[3+4+5] [2019]
4. Give a brief account of neural and chemical regulation of respiration. Explain the changes in the respiratory system during exercise and during acclimatization to high altitude. [3+3+3+3] [2016 supple.]
5. Describe the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve. Factors shifting the curve. [8+4] [2017 supple.]
GROUP-B
1. What is hypoxia? What are the adaptations that occur when a person ascends to an altitude of 12000 feet? [2+5] [2012] [2013 supple]
2. What is Bohr’s effect? How CO2 is transported from tissues to the lungs. [2+5][2013] [2016]
3. Describe the oxygen dissociation curve and the factors influencing it. [3+4] [2014]
4. What is pulmonary surfactant? Explain its role in the maintenance of stability of alveoli. [2+5] [2015]
5. Compare and contrast b/w static and specific compliance of the lungs. What is the role of surfactant in maintaining compliance of the lungs?[3+4] [2017]
6. What is VA/Q ratio? Explain the distribution of ventilation and perfusion in different regions of the lungs in erect posture. Why tuberculosis is common at the apex of lungs? [1+4+2] [2018]
7. How is oxygen transported in blood? Explain with a diagram the effect of PO2 on haemoglobin saturation. Comment on the effect of Carbon Monoxide on oxygen binding to haemoglobin. [2+3+2] [2019]
8. Explain how oxygen is transported from lungs to tissues in details. Add a note on P50. [6+4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)
1. Apneustic centre.[3] [2010]
2. Lung compliance.[2013]
3. Haldane effect.[2014]
4. Maximum ventilation volume. [2014]
5. Peak expiratory flow rate.
6. Timed vital capacity.[2015]
7. Ventilation perfusion ratio. [2016]
8. Roles of O2 therapy in hypoxia.[3] [2018]
9. Dead space. [2017 supple.]
10. Water hammer pulse. [2018 supple.]
11. Hypoxic hypoxia. [2018 supple.]
GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)
1. Increase in pulmonary ventilation occurs even after exercise is over. [3][2010] [2011]
2. RBC in venous blood is larger than arterial blood.[3] [2010] [2014]
3. In anaemic hypoxia, O2 therapy is not of much importance.[3][2011] [2014 supple.]
4. There is increased respiratory rate during exercise.[3] [2016]
5. In COPD, O2 therapy should be intermittent and of low concentration. [3] [2017]
6. Pulmonary ventilation is not affected till pO2is below 60 mm Hg. [3] [2018]
7. Hypoxic hypoxia causes polycythaemia. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
8. Cyanosis does not occur in severe anaemia. [2013 supple.] [2018 supple.]
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. What is cardiac cycle? Describe with suitable diagram the pressure and volume change in left ventricle in the different phases of cardiac cycle. Enumerate the differences b/w 1s t and 2nd heart sounds.[2+6+4][2011]
2. Describe in brief the regulation of blood pressure. What is malignant hypertension? What is vasomotor reversal of Dale?[8+2+2] [2012]
3. Describe the different waves of ECG and segments with its neat diagram. Mention their importance. What is heart block?[6+2+4] [2014]
4. What is cardiac output? Discuss the effects of various factors regulating cardiac output. Write two clinical findings with explanation of aortic incompetence.[2+6+4][2015]
5. What are the functional tissues of the heart? How cardiac impulse is generated and transmitted across the heart. Describe cardiac AP and skeletal muscle AP. What is idioventricular rhythm?[2+4+4+2] [2016]
6. Describe briefly the cardio vascular reflexes.[12] [2017]
7. Describe the physiologic anatomy of the different regions of the systemic circulation and mention how correlate with their functions. What is Poiseuille-Hagen formula?[8+4] [2017]
8. Define cardiac output. Describe the factors affecting cardiac output. How does Fick’s principle determine cardiac output? [2+6+4] [2018]
9. What is systemic arterial blood pressure? How it is kept within normal range? What is hypertension and what are the basic physiological principles of the treatment of hypertension? [3+6+2+4=15] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
10. Define ECG. How augmentation occurs in augmented leads? What is PR interval? How can you diagnose various types of AV block from ECG? [1+4+2+5] [ 2018 supple.]
11. What are baroreceptors? Describe role of baroreceptors in maintaining BP. What is hypertension? [2+7+3] [2018 supple.]
12. Identify receptors, afferent pathways, integrating centre, efferent pathways and effectors in the arterial baroreceptor reflex. When the arterial baroreceptors decrease or increase the rate of firing? What changes in the autonomic outflow & cardiovascular function occur? Explain how tachycardia occurs in cardiovascular shock. [2019 supple.]
GROUP-B
1. What is baroreceptor reflex? Describe the role of baroreceptor in maintenance of BP with proper diagram and labelling.[2+5] [2010]
2. What is the Marey’s law? What is its physiological basis? Name two conditions when it is not observed.[2+4+1]
3. What is cardiac output? Describe one method for estimation of cardiac output. [2+5] [2011]
GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)
1. Augmented limb leads during ECG.[3] [2010]
2. CVS adjustments during exercise. [3] [2011]
3. Standard leads in ECG. [3] [2011]
4. PR interval in ECG.[3] [2015] [2019 supple.]
5. 2nd degree AV nodal block.[3] [2016]
6. Subendocardial region of the left ventricle is specially vulnerable to ischemia. [3] [2019]
7. Normal ECG waves. [2017 supple.]
8. Sinoaortic reflex. [2018 supple.]
GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)
1. Brief period of straining causes tachycardia and increase in peripheral resistance. [3] [2011] [2010] [2017]
2. Vasodilation occurs in the blood vessels of skeletal muscles during exercise.[3] [2012]
3. Maximum blood flow to the left ventricle occurs during diastole.[3] [2013]
4. Diastolic pressure rises on assuming standing posture from supine position.[3] [2014]
5. In cardiac disease, pulse rate can be lesser than the heart rate. [3] [2015]
6. Coronary blood flow is more in diastolic phase than the systolic phase in Cardiac cycle.[3] [2016]
7. SA Node is the pace maker in heart. [2015 supple.] [2017 supple.]
8. Digitalis increases the force of contraction of cardiac muscle. [2018 supple.]
9. Capillaries are also called ‘exchange vessels. [2019 supple.]
GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. Give an account of the composition, function & control of secretion of the pancreatic juice. Describe the pancreatic exocrine function test. [3+3+3+3][2005]
GROUP-B
1. Write down the different inestinal movements. What is adynamic ileus? [5+2] [2012]
2. What is gastric mucosal barrier? Discuss the physiological basis of management of peptic ulcer.[2+5] [2013]
3. Define jaundice. Describe the differences between haemolytic & obstructive jaundice.[2+5] [2014] [2017 supple.]
4. What is the mechanism of HCL secretion in the stomach? Give the physiological basis of treatment of peptic ulcer with omeprazole. [5+2][2016]
5. Describe the mechanism of secretion of HCl in stomach. Enumerate the neural and chemical mechanisms that control gastric secretion. [5+5] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
6. What is gastric mucosal barrier? What are the changes in it that lead to peptide ulceration? [2+5] [2014 supple.] [2018 supple.]
7. Why is intestine not digested by enzymes? Name the GI hormones. [2014]
8. Discuss the factors preventing autodigestion of stomach. [7] [2017 supple.]
9. Mechanism of HCl synthesis and secretion in stomach. What are the paracrine and endocrine regulators of HCl secretion? [4+3] [2019 supple.]
GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)
1. BER.[2010]
2. Bile salt.[2011]
3. Mucosal barrier of stomach.[2012]
4. MMC. [2013]
5. Gastrin.[2015]
6. Dumping syndrome.[2017]
7. Cells found in stomach. [2018]
8. Migrating Motor Complex. [2018]
9. Salivary secretion. [2019]
10. Gastro-colic reflex. [2019]
11. Enterohepatic cycle. [2014 supple.]
12. Dietary fibres. [2013 supple.] [2018 supple.]
13. Postprandial alkaline tide. [2016 supple.]
14. Functions of saliva. [2016 supple.]
15. CCK-PZ. [2019 supple.]
GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)
1. Thought of delicious food induces salivary secretion.[2015]
2. Coagulation time is prolonged in Obstructive jaundice.[2015]
3. Fatty meal delays gastric emptying.[2017]
4. Alcohol intoxication can be avoided if it is consumed with fatty food. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
5. Oedema is seen in chronic liver disease. [2014 supple.] [2018 supple.]
6. Absence of bile salts in small intestine causes steatorrhea. [2019 supple.]
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. Describe the various sites and mechanisms by which water is reabsorbed from then ephrons. Why polyuria occurs in Diabetes insipidus. [3+7+2][2009]
GROUP-B
1. What is the normal pH of urine? How the normalcy of pH is maintained in urine?[1+6] [2010]
2. Define polyuria. What are the causes of polyuria? Why polyuria occurs in Diabetes Insipidus?[2+2+3][2011]
3. What is the site of production of Renin? Name the stimulants for Renin secretion. What is the sequence of events in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?[1+2+4] [2013]
4. Differentiate b/w cortical & juxta-medullary nephrons. Briefly discuss the counter-current mechanism in the kidney.[2+5] [2014]
5. Describe the mechanism of concentration of urine. What is anuria? [5+2][2017]
6. State briefly how urine is acidified. How excess acidification is prevented? What are the advantages of having acidic urine?[2+3+2] [2015]
7. What is the role of kidney in maintaining the acid-base balance of the body? [7] [2016] [2018 supple.]
8. Mention each part of nephron in relation to its histological structure. [7] [2018]
9. Describe how the counter current mechanism in the kidney operates to produce hypotonic or hypertonic urine. Add a note on micturition reflex. [5+5] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
10. Outline the process involved in secretion of H+into the tubules. What is the significance of these processes in regulation of acid-base balance? [4+3] [2019 supple.]
GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)
1. Creatinine clearance test.[2010]
2. Juxtaglomerular apparatus.[2010]
3. Renal clearance.[2011]
4. Renin.[2011]
5. Counter current multiplication.[2013]
6. Vasa recta.[2015]
7. Endocrine functions of kidney. [2018]
8. Osmotic diuresis.[2019]
9. Tubulo-glomerular feedback. [2018 supple.]
GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)
1. Osmotic diuresis occurs in Diabetes Mellitus.[2012]
2. Chronic renal failure patients have anaemia.[2012]
3. Albuminuria occurs in nephritic syndrome.[2014]
4. Volume of urine can increase after drinking a large volume of water. [2015]
5. Furosemide is used as a diuretic.[2016]
6. Chronic renal disease may lead to brittleness of bones. [2018]
7. pH of urine rises after a heavy meal.[2019]
8. Actual renal threshold for glucose is less than predicted value. [2017 supple.]
9. ‘Automatic bladder’ is produced in complete transection of spinal cord. [2019 supple.]
10. GFR is measured by creatinine clearance test. [2019 supple.]
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
GROUP-B
1. Describe the female sexual cycle. What is LH surge?[6+1][2013][2011][2015] [2017]
2. Describe the spermatogenesis. What is blood-testis barrier?[5+2][2014] [2012]
3. What is spermatogenesis? Describe the hormonal control of it. [2+5] [2010]
4. What are the hormones of placenta? Though genetically different, why is not foetus rejected immunologically? [3+4] [2018]
5. Define ovulation. How does interplay of different hormones lead to ovulation? How is it detected?[2+3+2] [2019] [2014 supple.]
6. What is menstrual cycle? Explain the ovarian changes taking place during menstrual cycle. [3+7] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
7. What is fetoplacental unit? [7] [2018 supple.]
8. Name the key hormones secreted by Leydig cells and Sertoli cells. Steps involved in spermatogenesis. [2019 supple.]
GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)
1. Ovulation.[2010]
2. Contraceptive pills. [2012]
3. Secretion and ejection of milk. [2013] [2016 supple]
4. OCP.[2014]
5. Evidences for ovulation. [2015]
6. LH surge. [2016] [2014 supple.]
7. Safe period method for contraception.[2016]
8. Hormonal regulation of testicular activities.[2017]
9. Corpus luteum. [2018]
10. Hormonal control of lactation. [2019]
11. Oral contraceptive pills. [5] [NEW PATTERN 2021] [2018 supple.]
12. Progesterone. [2018 supple.]
13. Placental hormones. [2019 supple.]
GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)
1. During lactation, menstrual bleeding does not occur up to six months. [2010]
2. Sterility is more common in men working in heat surrounds.[2010]
3. Prolonged breast feeding is helpful in family planning.[2013] [2012]
4. Pregnancy is associated with stoppage of menstruation.[2014] [[2013]
5. Conversion of testosterone to dihydro-testosterone is essential for full sexual maturity in male. [2014]
6. Pregnancy usually does not occur during lactation.[2016]
7. Patients with sexual precocity are dwarfs. [2018]
8. Cryptorchids are usually infertile. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
9. Lactation is a natural method of contraception. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
10. Removal of ovaries before 6 weeks of pregnancy leads to abortion. [2016 supple] [2018 supple.]
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. Enumerate the hormones secreted from thyroid gland. Describe the functions of thyroxin. Write a brief note on Cretinism. [2+7+3] [2010]
2. Name the various layers of adrenal cortex and the hormones secreted from them. What are the effects of glucocorticoids? Describe Cushing’s syndrome.[2+7+3] [2011]
3. What are the hormones secreted by adrenal cortex? Describe the principal functions of the mineralocorticoids. What is Conn’s syndrome? [3+7+2] [2014]
4. Enumerate the functions of calcium in our body. How its homeostasis is maintained by involving different hormones? What are the sources of these hormones? Name the features of Rickets and Osteomalacia. [2+4+2+4] [2013] [2017]
5. What is blood calcium level? Name the physiological functions of Ca2+ in the body. Discuss briefly how the blood calcium level is maintained? [1+3+8] [2017]
6. Describe the physiological effects of thyroid hormones.What is thyroid storm?[10+2] [2012] [2017]
7. Name the hormones of islets of Langerhans. State the functions of insulin. Why polyphagia occurs in diabetes mellitus?[2+7+3] [2015] [2017 supple.]
8. Enumerate the layers of adrenal cortex and the hormones secreted from them. Explain how aldosterone controls extracellular fluid volume. What is aldosterone escape? [3+7+2] [2019]
9. Describe the mechanism of action of growth hormone. Enumerate the factors influencing the secretion of growth hormone. [10+5] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
10. Describe the functions of calcium in the body. How homeostasis is maintained by involving different hormones? Name the features of rickets and osteomalacia. [4+4+4] [2018 supple.]
11. Summarize the effects of insulin on various tissues. What is glucose tolerance test? What is the major diff. b/w type I and type II DM? [5+3+4] [2019 supple.]
GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)
1. ADH.[2014]
2. Cretinism.[2013]
3. Glucocorticoids. [2013]
4. Acromegaly. [2011]
5. Cushing’s syndrome. [2010]
6. Tetany. [2017]
7. Adission’sdisease. [2016]
8. Permissive action of hormones. [2017]
9. Dwarfism. [2018]
10. Acromegaly [5] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
11. Aldosterone escape. [2017 supple.]
12. Vit D. [2017 supple.]
GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)
1. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by polyphagia. [2010]
2. Exercise is good for diabetes mellitus.[2013]
3. Metabolic acidosis may be found in diabetes mellitus. [2013]
4. Pigmentation is found in Addison’s disease. [2018]
5. Acromegaly may be associated with visual field defect. [2019]
6. Thyroid dwarfs are usually mentally retarded. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021] [2017 supple.]
7. Persistent hypokalemia may lead to hyperglycemia. [2018 supple.]
8. Low serum sodium level increase aldosterone secretion. [2019 supple.]
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
GROUP-A
1. With diagram write the components of limbic system. What are the vegetative functions of the hypothalamus? What are the roles played by the hypothalamus in Reward and Punishment?[3+5+4] [2014] [2017]
2. What are the functional divisions of cerebellum? With a diagram show the to and fro connections of the cerebellum. Enumerate the functions of the cerebellum and the clinical manifestations following its lesion.[2+3+3+4] [2013]
3. Describe the nuclei, connections and functions of basal ganglia. What are the features of Parkinsonism and how can these be reduced?[7+5] [2012] [2013 supple.] [2018 supple]
4. Name the different components of basal ganglia. List the pathways that Interconnect them. What are the functions of basal ganglia? Write down the features of Parkinson’s disease and its remedy.[2+3+3+4] [2010] [2016]
5. Define synapse. What is synaptic potential? Give ionic basis of development of it with proper diagram and labelling. Write about the important properties of synapse. [1+5+6] [2011]
6. Give an account of origin, course and termination of the pyramidal tract with a diagram. What is Babinski sign? [10+2] [2015]
7. Define muscle tone. How it is maintained? What are the types of hypertonia? Mention their differences. [2+5+2+3] [2018]
8. With the help of a neat, labelled diagram trace the pathway of pain sensation. What is stress analgesia and what is its physiological basis? [2+5+2+3] [2018]
9. Draw a diagram of neural connections in cerebellum. What are the different functional divisions of cerebellum? Explain how it helps in smooth and coordinate movement. Mention the abnormalities associated with damage to the cerebellum?[3+3+3+3] [2019]
10. Name the components of basal ganglia. With a suitable diagram outline their chief connections and functions. Briefly state the features and treatment of Parkinsonism. [2+3+3+3+5+2] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
11. What are the functional divisions of cerebellum? Write the principal functions of each division. Draw a diagram of internal circuit of cerebellum. What is cerebellar ataxia? [2016 supple.]
12. What is stretch reflex? Describe the receptor involved with reflex arc and draw a suitable diagram. What is reciprocal innervation? What is Renshaw cell inhibition? [2+6+2+2] [2017 supple.]
GROUP-B
1. What is muscle tone? How is it regulated?[2+5] [2011]
2. Describe the central pain inhibiting mechanism.[7] [2010]
3. Name the main ascending tracts of spinal cord and enumerate their functions. What is phantom limb phenomenon and describe the law governing it. [5+2] [2017]
4. Explain how the medullary interstial fluid becomes hyperosmotic. What is it’s functional implication?[7] [2019]
5. What are photoreceptors? What are their functions? Explain briefly the mechanism of photo-transduction. [1+2+4] [2019]
6. Define pain. Describe pain pathways. Write briefly endogenous pain control mechanisms. [1+6+3] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)
1. Fluent aphasia. [2014]
2. EPSP. [2012]
3. Brown-Sequard syndrome. [2012]
4. Paradoxical sleep. [2011]
5. Beta wave in ECG. [2011]
6. Decerebrate rigidity. [2010] [2017]
7. Alpha block. [2009]
8. EEG waves. [2014]
9. Synaptic inhibition. [2015]
10. UMN v/s LMN lesion. [2004]
11. Normal waves of EEG.[2016]
12. REM sleep. [2015]
13. Blood brain barrier. [2019]
14. Paradoxical sleep. [2019]
15. Referred pain. [2016 supple.]
16. Static tremor and intention tremor. [2017 supple.]
GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)
1. Babinski’s sign is a defining feature of UMN paralysis. [2014]
2. Finger nose test becomes abnormal in cerebellar disorder.[2013] [2017]
3. Speech becomes meaningless if arcuate fasciculus is damaged. [2012]
4. Dissociated anaesthesia is seen in syringomyelia.[2011] [2016]
5. Touching and shaking of an injured part can reduce pain sensation.[2009]
6. L-Dopa is a drug of choice for the treatment of Parkinsonism.[2015] [2017]
7. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep. [2017] [2014 supple.] [2018 supple.]
8. Golgi tendon reflex protects the muscle from tear. [2018]
9. Jendrassik manoeuvre is used to elicit a larger tendon jerk. [2019]
10. Hemi section of spinal cord affects both sides of the body. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
11. UMN lesion is associated with spasticity. [2016 supple.]
12. Babinski’s sign is positive in infants. [2019 supple.]
SPECIAL SENSES
GROUP-B
1. Describe the photochemical changes that occur in the retina. What is night blindness?[5+2] [2013]
2. Describe the auditory pathway with suitable diagram. How will you differentiate b/w conduction deafness and sensorineural deafness?[5+2][2012] [2016 supple.]
3. Trace the neural pathways that transmit visual information from photoreceptors to the visual cortex. Enumerate the visual field defects produced by lesions at various levels of the visual pathway. [3+4] [2014]
4. Name the common errors of refraction. Explain the use of corrective lenses in each of them.[2+5] [2015]
5. With a suitable diagram, explain the effects of lesion in the visual pathway at various levels. What is Argyll-Robertson pupil? [5+2] [2016] [2018 supple.]
6. Enumerate the common errors of optical refraction. Explain the use of corrective lenses in each of them. [2+5] [2017 supple.]
7. Draw a diagram showing optic pathways with proper labelling. What are the effects of transection at different locations of optic pathways? What is macular sparing? [2+5] [2019 supple.]
GROUP-C (SHORT NOTES)
1. OrganofCorti.[2013] [2017]
2. Accommodationreflex. [2012]
3. Tastebuds.[2014]
4. LateralisationinWeber’stest.[2016]
5. Dark adaptation. [2018]
6. Cochlear microphonics. [2018]
7. cAMP. [2019]
8. Colour blindness. [2016 supple.]
GROUP-D (EXPLAIN WHY)
1. Near point recedes with ageing.[2013] [2016 supple.]
2. In Argyll-Robertson pupil, light reflex is lost. [2011]
3. In retina, the fovea centralis is the point of greatest visual acuity. [2010]
4. When a person is exposed to some odour for some time, the perception of that odour decreases. [2016]
5. Older persons show presbyopia. [4] [NEW PATTERN 2021]
6. Near point of vision recedes as age advances. [2019]
7. Visual acuity is maximum at fovea centralis. [2019]
